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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Linux 命令- less</h1>
        

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        <p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;less 工具也是对文件或其它输出进行分页显示的工具，应该说是linux正统查看文件内容的工具，功能极其强大。less 的用法比起 more 更加的有弹性。在 more 的时候，我们并没有办法向前面翻， 只能往后面看，但若使用了 less 时，就可以使用 [pageup] [pagedown] 等按键的功能来往前往后翻看文件，更容易用来查看一个文件的内容！除此之外，在 less 里头可以拥有更多的搜索功能，不止可以向下搜，也可以向上搜。     </p>
<h2 id="命令格式"><a href="#命令格式" class="headerlink" title="命令格式"></a>命令格式</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">less [参数] [文件]</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="命令功能"><a href="#命令功能" class="headerlink" title="命令功能"></a>命令功能</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;less 与 more 类似，但使用 less 可以随意浏览文件，而 more 仅能向前移动，却不能向后移动，而且 less 在查看之前不会加载真个文件。</p>
<h2 id="命令参数"><a href="#命令参数" class="headerlink" title="命令参数"></a>命令参数</h2><ul>
<li>-b &lt;缓冲区大小&gt; 设置缓冲区的大小</li>
<li>-e  当文件显示结束后，自动离开</li>
<li>-f  强迫打开特殊文件，例如外围设备代号、目录和二进制文件</li>
<li>-g  只标志最后搜索的关键词</li>
<li>-i  忽略搜索时的大小写</li>
<li>-m  显示类似more命令的百分比</li>
<li>-N  显示每行的行号</li>
<li>-o &lt;文件名&gt; 将less 输出的内容在指定文件中保存起来</li>
<li>-Q  不使用警告音</li>
<li>-s  显示连续空行为一行</li>
<li>-S  行过长时间将超出部分舍弃</li>
<li>-x &lt;数字&gt; 将“tab”键显示为规定的数字空格</li>
<li>/字符串：向下搜索“字符串”的功能</li>
<li>?字符串：向上搜索“字符串”的功能</li>
<li>n：重复前一个搜索（与 / 或 ? 有关）</li>
<li>N：反向重复前一个搜索（与 / 或 ? 有关）</li>
<li>b  向后翻一页</li>
<li>d  向后翻半页</li>
<li>h  显示帮助界面</li>
<li>Q  退出less 命令</li>
<li>u  向前滚动半页</li>
<li>y  向前滚动一行</li>
<li>空格键 滚动一行</li>
<li>回车键 滚动一页</li>
<li>[pagedown]： 向下翻动一页</li>
<li>[pageup]：   向上翻动一页</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="使用实例"><a href="#使用实例" class="headerlink" title="使用实例"></a>使用实例</h2><h3 id="实例1：查看文件"><a href="#实例1：查看文件" class="headerlink" title="实例1：查看文件"></a>实例1：查看文件</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>命令</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">less log2013.log</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>输出</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/less/01.png?raw=true" alt="image"></p>
<h3 id="实例2：ps-查看进程信息并通过-less-分页显示"><a href="#实例2：ps-查看进程信息并通过-less-分页显示" class="headerlink" title="实例2：ps 查看进程信息并通过 less 分页显示"></a>实例2：ps 查看进程信息并通过 less 分页显示</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>命令</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">ps -ef | less</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>输出</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/less/02.png?raw=true" alt="image"></p>
<h3 id="实例3：查看命令示例使用记录并通过-less-分页显示"><a href="#实例3：查看命令示例使用记录并通过-less-分页显示" class="headerlink" title="实例3：查看命令示例使用记录并通过 less 分页显示"></a>实例3：查看命令示例使用记录并通过 less 分页显示</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>命令</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="built_in">history</span> | less</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>输出</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div><div class="line">15</div><div class="line">16</div><div class="line">17</div><div class="line">18</div><div class="line">19</div><div class="line">20</div><div class="line">21</div><div class="line">22</div><div class="line">23</div><div class="line">24</div><div class="line">25</div><div class="line">26</div><div class="line">27</div><div class="line">28</div><div class="line">29</div><div class="line">30</div><div class="line">31</div><div class="line">32</div><div class="line">33</div><div class="line">34</div><div class="line">35</div><div class="line">36</div><div class="line">37</div><div class="line">38</div><div class="line">39</div><div class="line">40</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@localhost <span class="built_in">test</span>]<span class="comment"># history | less</span></div><div class="line">22  scp -r tomcat6.0.32 root@192.168.120.203:/opt/soft</div><div class="line">23  <span class="built_in">cd</span> ..</div><div class="line">24  scp -r web root@192.168.120.203:/opt/</div><div class="line">25  <span class="built_in">cd</span> soft</div><div class="line">26  ls</div><div class="line">27  scp -r jdk1.6.0_16/ root@192.168.120.203:/opt/soft</div><div class="line">28  clear</div><div class="line">29  vim /etc/profile</div><div class="line">30  vim /etc/profile</div><div class="line">31  <span class="built_in">cd</span> tomcat6.0.32/bin/</div><div class="line">32  ls</div><div class="line">33  ./shutdown.sh</div><div class="line">34  ./startup.sh</div><div class="line">35  vim startup.sh</div><div class="line">36  ls</div><div class="line">37  <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">$JAVA_HOME</span></div><div class="line">38  java</div><div class="line">39  ls</div><div class="line">40  ls</div><div class="line">41  clear</div><div class="line">42  <span class="built_in">cd</span> /opt</div><div class="line">43  ls</div><div class="line">44  cp apache-tomcat-6.0.32.tar.gz soft/</div><div class="line">45  ls</div><div class="line">46  rm -f apache-tomcat-6.0.32.tar.gz </div><div class="line">47  ls</div><div class="line">48  <span class="built_in">cd</span> soft</div><div class="line">49  ls</div><div class="line">50  tar -vzf apache-tomcat-6.0.32.tar.gz </div><div class="line">51  tar -vzfx apache-tomcat-6.0.32.tar.gz </div><div class="line">52  tar -zxvf apache-tomcat-6.0.32.tar.gz </div><div class="line">53  ls</div><div class="line">54  <span class="built_in">cd</span> apache-tomcat-6.0.32</div><div class="line">55  ls</div><div class="line">56  <span class="built_in">cd</span> ..</div><div class="line">57  mv apache-tomcat-6.0.32 tomcat6.0.32</div><div class="line">58  ls</div><div class="line">59  <span class="built_in">cd</span> tomcat6.0.32/</div><div class="line">60  ls</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="实例4：浏览多个文件"><a href="#实例4：浏览多个文件" class="headerlink" title="实例4：浏览多个文件"></a>实例4：浏览多个文件</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>命令</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">less log2013.log log2014.log</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>输出</strong>   </p>
<p><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/less/03.png?raw=true" alt="image"></p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<strong>说明</strong></p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;输出：n 后，切换到 log2014.log</p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;输出：p 后，切换到 log2013.log    </p>
<h2 id="附加备注"><a href="#附加备注" class="headerlink" title="附加备注"></a>附加备注</h2><h3 id="1-全屏导航"><a href="#1-全屏导航" class="headerlink" title="1.全屏导航"></a>1.全屏导航</h3><ul>
<li>ctrl + F - 向前移动一屏</li>
<li>ctrl + B - 向后移动一屏</li>
<li>ctrl + D - 向前移动半屏</li>
<li>ctrl + U - 向后移动半屏</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-单行导航"><a href="#2-单行导航" class="headerlink" title="2.单行导航"></a>2.单行导航</h3><ul>
<li>j - 向前移动一行</li>
<li>k - 向后移动一行</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="3-其他导航"><a href="#3-其他导航" class="headerlink" title="3.其他导航"></a>3.其他导航</h3><ul>
<li>G - 移动到最后一行</li>
<li>g - 移动到第一行</li>
<li>q / ZZ - 退出 less 命令    </li>
</ul>
<h3 id="4-其他有用的命令"><a href="#4-其他有用的命令" class="headerlink" title="4.其他有用的命令"></a>4.其他有用的命令</h3><ul>
<li>v - 使用配置的编辑器编辑当前文件</li>
<li>h - 显示 less 的帮助文档</li>
<li>&amp;pattern - 仅显示匹配模式的行，而不是整个文件</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="5-标记导航"><a href="#5-标记导航" class="headerlink" title="5.标记导航"></a>5.标记导航</h3><ul>
<li>当使用 less 查看大文件时，可以在任何一个位置作标记，可以通过命令导航到标有特定标记的文档位置：</li>
<li>ma - 使用 a 标记文本的当前位置</li>
<li>‘a - 导航到标记 a 处</li>
</ul>

      
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              <div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#命令格式"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">命令格式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#命令功能"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">命令功能</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#命令参数"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">命令参数</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#使用实例"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">使用实例</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#实例1：查看文件"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">实例1：查看文件</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#实例2：ps-查看进程信息并通过-less-分页显示"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">实例2：ps 查看进程信息并通过 less 分页显示</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#实例3：查看命令示例使用记录并通过-less-分页显示"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">实例3：查看命令示例使用记录并通过 less 分页显示</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#实例4：浏览多个文件"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">实例4：浏览多个文件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#附加备注"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">附加备注</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#1-全屏导航"><span class="nav-number">5.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">1.全屏导航</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#2-单行导航"><span class="nav-number">5.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">2.单行导航</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#3-其他导航"><span class="nav-number">5.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">3.其他导航</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#4-其他有用的命令"><span class="nav-number">5.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">4.其他有用的命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#5-标记导航"><span class="nav-number">5.5.</span> <span class="nav-text">5.标记导航</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></div>
            

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